The sweat shop debate

The sweat shop debate The sweat shop debate The case study for this paper is about the sweat shops which have been established across the world for manufacture of various goods (Hill, C. 2009). Nike is a global producer of sports apparels and has had many establishments which are run by subcontracted companies in various parts of the world. The concept of sweat shop emerged from claims that such companies exploit their workers through long working hours and low wages. There have even been cases of child labor in some of these sweat shops which have attracted the attention of many human rights groups. There have even been lawsuits which have been presented urging Nike to take responsibility of such cases and ensure that their products are manufactured in environments which uphold human rights. Much as Nike has claimed that it has no control over the working conditions of individual establishments, many options have been floated including boycott of its products. There are legal, cultural and ethical challenges which have been presented by the Nike sweat shop debate. Outsourcing the manufacturing unit was the source of contention since much of these foreign countries subjected their workers to very inhuman conditions. Even though the initial intentions were to cut production costs, it ended up in many legal tussles, some of which continue up to date. Besides the legal issues, there were also the ethical concerns that Nike ad taken advantage of poor countries to put up factories and mistreat the workers (Hill, C. 2009). Nike was at the time making billions of dollars from sales of products produced in such conditions. The problem in such countries was that Nike had allocated them quotas to be produced within given time frames some of which meant that the people really had to be overworked to attain them (Hill, C. 2009). The fact that Nike was providing employment opportunities to people who would otherwise be jobless did not make matters any less. A case in point was for Vietnam factory workers who were being paid $1.60 a day; way below the average daily expenditure of about $3. There was another ethical issue of workers being subjected to hazardous working conditions. According to Hill, a report that found workers with skin or breathing problems had not been transferred to departments free of chemicals and that more than half the workers who dealt with dangerous chemicals did not wear protective masks or gloves (Hill, C. 2009). When the company was subjecting the workers to all this, it was making super normal profits due to cheap cost of production. There were also cultural issues whereby child labor was being practiced at very low wages, and very long working hours. There was a case of a Korean factory whereby workers as young as 13 earning as little at 10 cents an hour toiled up to 17 hours daily in enforced silence (Hill, C. 2009). Many governments hardly intervened in these cases due to the fact they are operating in a liberalized work environment and employment was offered on a willing employee/employers contract. It also emerged that not many government agencies were aware of these atrocities were it not for human rights bodies which came out in the open and petitioned the company. Much of the countries whereby this exploitation was going on needed the employment for the majority unemployed populations and that is the reason they have done quite little about it. Global managers have been faced with this challenge in trying to justify their operations and at times absolving themselves from blame. Nike has tried to redeem its tainted image from such accusations and the working environments of its overseas factories have considerably improved.

3 pasos para renovar sin entrevista la visa de turista

3 pasos para renovar sin entrevista la visa de turista La renovacià ³n de la visa de turista para Estados Unidos puede hacerse siguiendo un trmite rpido y sencillo siempre que se realice dentro de plazo. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre quià ©nes no necesitan la visa de turista y por lo tanto no precisan renovarla. Tambià ©n cundo se tiene que renovar, si se tiene una, cà ³mo es el proceso, quà © 3 decisiones puede tomar el oficial consular y quà © no se debe hacer porque pone en peligro la visa y/o su renovacià ³n. Con esta informacià ³n ser fcil obtener la renovacià ³n del visado. Quià ©nes no necesitan una visa de turista para ingresar a Estados Unidos Es importante saber que las personas extranjeras que desean viajara a Estados Unidos como turistas o para recibir tratamiento mà ©dico necesitan de una visa B2 o la combinacià ³n de una B1/B2 de turista/negocios, si bien existen importantes excepciones: Mexicanos y extranjeros residentes en Mà ©xico que viven junto a la frontera pueden solicitar una tarjeta de cruce, tambià ©n conocida como visa lser. Pero sà ³lo sirve para un tiempo ms limitado que la visa de turista y tambià ©n est restringida a ingresos terrestres y no permite adentrarse ilimitadamente en territorio de los Estados Unidos.CanadiensesCiudadanos de 38 paà ­ses parte del Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas.   Entre esos 38 paà ­ses se encuentran, entre otros, Espaà ±a, Chile, Italia y Portugal, lo cual puede ser de interà ©s para muchos latinoamericanos que cuentan con doble nacionalidad, siendo una de ellas la de un paà ­s incluido ese ese Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas. Cundo es necesario renovar la visa de turista Si ya se tiene una visa de turista, conocida en algunos paà ­ses como de paseo o de placer, à ©sta tiene una vigencia limitada. Puede dejar de ser vlida porque se aprueba por un nà ºmero limitado de ingresos y estos ya se han agotado o porque ya ha llegado su fecha de expiracià ³n (tambià ©n conocida como de vencimiento). En cualquiera de estos casos es necesario renovar la visa si se quiere viajar de nuevo a los Estados Unidos. El proceso es muy similar a los de peticià ³n por primera vez, pero con dos importantes novedades: el porcentaje de aprobacià ³n es mucho ms alto en las renovacionesen  algunos  casos no es necesaria la entrevista en el consulado. Estas circunstancias se han endurecido desde que el presidente Donald Trump entrà ³ en la Casa Blanca. 3 trmites para la renovacià ³n de la visa de turista americana Deben seguirse los siguientes pasos: En primer lugar, completar en là ­nea el documento DS-160.  La opcià ³n que aplica es la de visa renewal. Aunque el formulario est en inglà ©s, es posible ver una traduccià ³n al espaà ±ol colocando el cursor encima del texto que se quiere traducir. En segundo lugar, pagar la cuota correspondiente. El procedimiento de pago tiene variaciones de paà ­s a paà ­s por lo que se debe seguir las instrucciones del DS-160. Esta tarifa nunca se regresa, aunque la visa no sea aprobada. En tercer lugar, si es necesario cerrar una cita para la entrevista en la oficina consular, seguir el procedimiento. Si no es obligatorio, proceder a entregar la documentacià ³n como se seà ±ala en el formulario de internet.   Casos de exencià ³n de la entrevista para renovar la visa de turista americana La entrevista en el consulado o embajada es uno de los trmites que ms disgusta a los solicitantes de las visas de turista. Una de las razones es porque la necesidad de presentarse en el edificio consular obliga a dedicar buena parte de una maà ±ana a ese trmite o incluso ms, si hay que desplazarse a otra ciudad. Pero adems, hay el factor subjetivo de los nervios. No todas las persona se ponen nerviosas, pero muchas sà ­, por no saber quà © le van a preguntar, por temor a dar una respuesta equivocada, etc. Por todo ello, la posibilidad de no tener que acudir a la entrevista es festejado por muchos solicitantes de la renovacià ³n de la visa. El  Programa de Exencià ³n de la Entrevista, conocido por sus siglas en inglà ©s de  IWP, que establecià ³ paulatinamente el gobierno del presidente Barack Obama permità ­a muchos casos de renovacià ³n sin necesidad de entrevista. Sin embargo, el  Ã‚  Donald Trump ha anulado esa waiver en muchos casos. Actualmente, estos son los lineamientos para no tener que presentarse a la entrevista durante la tramitacià ³n de la visa de turista americana: Nià ±os de 6 aà ±os o menoresPersonas mayores de 80 aà ±osPersonas cuya visa de turista haya expirado hace menos de 12 meses y que nunca hayan tenido problemas en las aduanas de EE.UU., nunca hayan sido detenidas y a las que nunca se les haya negado o anulado una visa americana. En todos los casos, las embajadas y consulados de Estados Unidos pueden decidir unilateralmente que un solicitante debe presentarse a la entrevista aà ºn cuando entre dentro de las excepciones que en teorà ­a permitirà ­an no tener que cumplir con ese propà ³sito. Quà © puede suceder durante el proceso de  renovacià ³n de la visa El oficial consular puede decidir: aprobar la visadeclarar un procedimiento administrativo, es decir, ni aprobacià ³n ni negacià ³nNegar la visa. ​ Las posibilidades de que esto suceda son pequeà ±as, ya que en los casos de renovacià ³n se produce menos de un dos por ciento de rechazo de entre todas las solicitudes. Pero sà ­ que es una posibilidad real. No obstante, es mucho menor a lo que sucede cuando se solicita por primera vez, donde el rechazo en general supera el 20 por ciento de las peticiones, si bien hay grandes diferencias segà ºn el consulado. Las causas por las que se produce un rechazo caen bsicamente dentro de dos grandes categorà ­as, causas que convierten a una persona en inelegible para la visa de turista y las que la convierten en inadmisible para ingresar a los Estados Unidos.   Si el problema se origina por una de estas à ºltimas causas, es aconsejable asesorarse con un abogado de inmigracià ³n especialista en waivers para analizar si es conveniente solicitar uno. A esto tambià ©n se le conoce como perdones o permisos. Quà © puede poner en peligro conservar la visa de turista Para evitar problemas muy desagradables e incluso sufrir la cancelacià ³n de la visa es conveniente saber la respuesta correcta a estas dos preguntas:  ¿es conveniente quedarse en EEUU el mximo tiempo permitido? En este punto es de extrema importancia conocer las consecuencias, ya que desde el punto de vista migratorio son graves. Adems, es importante saber  con quà © frecuencia se puede regresar  a Estados Unidos como turista ya que la mayorà ­a de los viajeros no son conscientes de que el ingreso a EE.UU. les puede ser negado por un oficial migratorio aunque, en teorà ­a, estn movià ©ndose dentro de los parmetros que marca la ley. Para mayor informacià ³n sobre cà ³mo obtener y conservar la visa, se recomienda tomar este  este quiz, trivial o test sobre visas. Este artà ­culo tiene una finalidad informativa. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso en particular.

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair - Essay Example Jurgis is young and energetic; hence it does not take long for him to get a job, just like do Marija, Jonas and Teta, who are their close relatives. The family agrees to purchase a house, but this does not materialize since the deal is simply a swindle; there are too many hidden aspects of the agreement, and the house is poorly maintained and shoddy. Later, we learn that the family’s expenses are enhanced, which forces even Ona to seek employment. It is really difficult to land a job in Packingtown because the working conditions are very hard and unsafe. Besides, there is no disregard for workers’ safety in this region. Moreover, the immigrant community in Packingtown is exposed to corruption and crime, which extremely complicates life in the area. We are informed that Dede Antanas, the father of Jurgis, lands a job, but, this he achieves through corrupt means. Late, the old man succumbs to death since the job he got was too difficult for him (Bloom 25). Winter accordin g to the author is the most dangerous period in Packington, and this even translates into the working conditions. For example, we are informed that the place that Jurgis works in brings risks into his life each time he goes for work. There are too many hardships as evidenced by various events in the novel. For example, Marija and Tamoszius are never able to marry due to financial difficulties. Later, Marija’s financial woes worsen since her factory closes down and she later loses her job. Jurgis is very stressed about these living conditions of his family members, which prompts him to join a union. It is at this union that Jurgis starts to get enlightened concerning corruption, fraud and bribery, three vices that make sure that Packingtown is able to conduct its affairs. Jurgis wants to improve his family woes very much to the point of starting to learn English. At Packingtown, it was easier to adjust to life if one was conversant with English since it was the language that w as used by most people (Bloom 37). From the tale, we learn that, Jurgis’ family members face extreme hardships as they try to settle in Packingtown permanently. We learn that Marija is fired from her job even after regaining it later, Ona gets pregnant and as a result, her job becomes an extremely difficult affair. Later, Ona gives birth to a boy who is named Antanas, in memory of Jurgis’s late father. Her bosses do not even sympathize with her situation since they compel her to resume working after just seven days of leave. Many mishaps in this region have ensured that families are easily ruined. For example, when Jurgis is injured, he is bedridden for a period of three months, unable to perform any work. His accident had been caused by poor working conditions at the factory, but, the factory does not consider this. Instead, they scrap him off from the pay list. Jonas is unable to put up with this misery, hence he runs away from the family without ever informing anyon e of his actions. The family’s problems are compounded because the youngest child of Teta passes on from poisoning. Jurgis does not give up at this point; and instead he takes a very long time trying to look for a job. He is so frustrated that he decides to take up a job in a fertilizer plant that is close to his home. He is forced to do this since he feels

To what extent has North Korean foreign policy became less Essay

To what extent has North Korean foreign policy became less isolationist since the Cold War - Essay Example The tension between these two states has led to the loss of million lives in each side of the parallel from 1948 until 2002 (Foreign and Commonwealth Office 2008, cited in Turku, 2009). North Korea claimed that South Korea is a puppet of the United States. In addition, the North Korea accused South Korea of being anti-national and as an aid to foreign aggressors. Kim II Sung, throughout his reign, asked South Koreans to initiate a revolution that would abolish the US fascist military dictatorship. He further reiterated that armed struggle serves as the only means in order for the South Korea to be liberated from colonizers and oppressors. Kim II-Sung asserted that South Koreans, inspired by the construction of the Northern half and achievements in the socialist revolution, will be impelled to seek for reunification of the nation (Turku, 2009). The two nations agreed to discuss normalizing their relations starting on August 1971. The Inter-Korean summit on June 13 to 15, 2000, which is followed on October 2 to 4, 2007 in Pyongyang, marked the greatest progress that these two nations took towards peaceful coexistence. The two nations agreed to produce a joint declaration for national unification in the Korean peninsula and peaceful co-existence in the first summit (Moon 2002, cited in Turku, 2009). These historical summits were facilitated by the â€Å"sunshine policy† of South Korea. This policy has three principles namely, engage in economic terms with North Korea, respect the sovereignty of the North, and lastly zero tolerance for aggression manifested by North Korea (Turku, 2009). The present administration in South Korea abandoned the â€Å"sunshine policy† term; however, its policy still continues to concentrate on cooperation, principles of engagement, and dialogue with the North Korea. A summit that occurred on June 15, 2000 serves as historical milestones for the two nations. What was deemed as impossible in the past finally

Administrative Ethics Paper Essay Example for Free

Administrative Ethics Paper Essay Biomedical ethical issues are seen frequently in the news and are in constant scrutiny. The demand for social responsibility is high and available resources are limited. Health care leaders are faced with numerous administrative issues regarding patient privacy, research, confidentiality, and terminal illness. Much debate has surrounded medical spending on the terminally ill, such as the cost and allocation of resources toward end-of-life care. Choosing between prolonged life and quality of life are two difficult decisions to make. Nonetheless, it is difficult to base one’s opinion until cancer has taken over one’s life. A close look at administrative issues surrounding end-of-life care will demonstrate the impact on a population, ethical, and legal implications, potential solutions to the problem, and managerial responsibilities. The Northern Mariana Islands (NMI) is a part of the United States territory because it’s establishment of commonwealth in political union and is home to approximately 44,000 people (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012). Because of the increase in chronic diseases and lack of available resources, several residents are referred to go off the island to seek health care in Guam and Hawaii (Doty, 2012). However, the medical referral program has a crucial problem with financing because of the large amount already owed (Doty, 2012). Although a budget of $2. 5 million is allotted for health care expenses for the medical referral program, it only covers half of the costs incurred in 2011 (Doty, 2012). Therefore, officials viewed rationing of medical services necessary to keep costs at bay. Among the rationing of medical services is the allocation of resources to terminally ill patients. According to Doty (2012), a medical provider states, â€Å"As a community, we must address the reality of spending precious resources on end-stage patients who will die within a short amount of time with or without medical treatment. † The method of triage rationing raises ethical concerns because patients are treated as if they were soldiers out on a battlefield where only those with a higher chance of survival are saved. Although unspoken, the practice of rationing services is common in the NMI. The population is negatively impacted by the health care crisis and the lack of hospice care. Family members of ailing patients are seen holding signs requesting for donations so their loved one may receive off-island treatment (Doty, 2012, para. 33). Cost and allocation of resources are clearly administrative issues that need ethical evaluation. A senior administrator of the NMI seems lost at finding a solution and reminisces of the time when people accepted their fate and lived on the principle, â€Å"we live and die on our islands† (Doty, 2012). The ethical and legal implications of rationing health services have many facets. Generosity and independence are among the ethical principles associated with allocating health resources; however, that is not the case when resources are scarce and funding is limited. As demonstrated in the NMI, mainly the poor and middle class are subjected to health care rationing. Aside from the poor, people most affected by health care rationing are the elderly and disabled persons (Peters, 1995). It is unethical of those with tremendous discretionary power to favor the prestigious over the poor or disabled. However, rationing based on the ability to pay already exists and is completely legal, such as rationing care of Medicaid patients or rationing by insurance companies (Fremgen, 2009). Although some people may believe rationing health care is unethical, it is economically inevitable as the demand for scarce health care resources increase. Therefore, it requires ethical consideration when allocating health resources. According to the article, the proposed solution is a policy on medical care rationing (Doty, 2012). However, some politicians claim the unnamed policy is already put into practice. Furthermore, the administration proposes a tighter budget for the 2012 fiscal year but does not elaborate on how it will be accomplished (Doty, 2012). The manager of the medical referral services suggested to administration that the program be suspended and only used for emergency cases (Doty, 2012). However, no action has been taken to suspend the program. Another suggested solution is to place high emphasis on prevention and primary care to avoid excessive referrals during critical stages. Furthermore, hospice care is not available to everyone on the NMI, which if made an option, may minimize the health crisis by decreasing the demand of health care resources. Nonetheless, evaluating the effectiveness of treatment and cost is essential in allocating resources. Managers are responsible for implementing cost/benefit analysis to best use the institution’s resources. Peters (1995) states, â€Å"Cost-effectiveness calculations have the appeal of incorporating outcomes research, patient preferences, and expected costs into a rational and potentially sophisticated scheme for maximizing health care outcomes from the available resources. † However, cost/benefit analysis alone should not be the primary basis for allocating resources. Managers must also ensure health resources are distributed equitably. Nevertheless, a solid solution has not yet to develop as the situation worsens in the NMI. A leader’s responsibility and accountability for appropriately rationing healthcare is tremendous. Because resources are limited, leaders must diligently follow eligibility criteria that satisfy legal and social standards. However, the approach is not easy and frequent subject of debate. Some consider health resource allocation is necessary but others find it morally repugnant. Therefore, the manager’s responsibility toward allocation decisions requires evaluation of distributive justice principles for ethical dilemmas. For example, need, equity, contribution, ability to pay, patient effort, and merit are principles useful in determining resources allocation (Armstrong, 1998). Each patient situation has unique circumstances that require healthcare leaders to view subjectively. Nonetheless, leader’s responsibility is to set clear guidelines for allocating resources so health care providers can remain advocates for their patients. Allocation of medical services in poverty stricken NMI indeed has ethical and legal implications with no easy solution. The population is in dire need of distributive justice. Administrators are at a loss with the health care crisis of financial burden and limited resources. Nonetheless, health care leaders must fulfill their obligations to their organization and community by using ethical principles to guide them in making difficult decisions. Nevertheless, perhaps proposed solutions turned into policy may minimize the need for off-island medical referrals. Administrative issues surrounding end-of-life care demonstrated the impact on a population, ethical, and legal implications, potential solutions to the problem, and managerial responsibilities. Administration indeed has tremendous social responsibility.

The Bluest Eye and the Contemporary American Novel :: Bluest Eye Essays

The Bluest Eye and the Contemporary American Novel There are an infinite number of possible ways to study the development of the American novel. In doing so you invariably have to read a good number of books by American authors. The problem is you can't just walk into the bookstore and pick a few writers, read their novels, and think you understand the way the American novel came about. You have to follow certain guidelines, and read from different time periods to further your understanding. The big question is what novels are worthy of being studied to define the progress of American fiction. What makes one novel more "scholarly" than the rest, and how does it help your understanding. Toni Morrison's novel The Bluest Eye has proven to be a book capable of furthering ones education on the subject of the American novel. The reason being that this novel transcends what other writers before her time had done. It stirs emotions in people that hadn't been exposed by previous authors. Yet it reminds them of the classic writers that they have come to love, and who have already made their contributions to the world of American novels. It is from here that a new writer develops their style and continues to change the way people write and the way others think. The specifics on exactly how The Bluest Eye does these amazing things are hard to put into words. Morrison uses some different techniques to get the readers attention. The language is one object used to show the emotions of the characters and convey the message of a passage. Vulgar and slang words are part of the way in which she does things differently. The word fuck probably never appeared in any of Hawthorne's novels. The use of relatively recent forms of black vernacular speech gives the reader a sense of how recently these events have taken place, and how close to home they strike. The reader gets to know the characters pretty well, which helps them to identify with certain situations. All of these examples explain how Morrison creates a story that will be read and remembered. You can't be respected as contributing to a genres development if no one remembers what you did.

Multicorporate structure

As early as the 1980’s there has been significant effort to create management practices in the industry that parallel business strategies because of the realization of the need for sustainability as much as quality services (Alexander et al, 1988). The advocacy is now influencing current health administrators to adopt these practices on a structural level: organization are being reengineered operationally and to accommodate non-traditional and non-medical specific functions such as marketing, public relations and organizational development (Griffith & White, 2006). Healthcare organizations that have multicorporate structures consider themselves not only healthcare providers but as an organization that has to be professionally productive socially responsive and operationally independent. This is not to infer that traditional healthcare organizations preclude these characteristics only rather that multicorporate structured healthcare organization follow more closely the structure of an enterprise Going Multicorporate Structured Technology, communication, culture and politics have changed perceptions regarding the industry and thus are changing the means of delivering services. For example, in evaluating accounting and financial management (A/FM) performance, the adaptation of performance benchmarking principles have allowed for early threshold performance measurements of health programs (Griffith & White, 2006, pp. 455-456). In an effort to measure productivity levels of technology programs the Australia’s health and social services, the Australian Government Productivity Commission (2006) considered the marginal effectiveness propensity of the inclusion of technology in medical procedures as well as sensitivity analyses and compared them to the influence of technology in other government services to determine the impact to health services. This effort supports Griffith and White’s view of the need for sophisticated surveillance and forecasting activity in multicorporate structured organizations (pp. 564-565). In a similar effort, the United Kingdom based Democratic Health Network (2006) established community support and communication networks to support and monitors health awareness and delivery of services. The effort has developed significant funding for community-based health activities as well for the Democratic Health Network itself, greater participation in programs and higher satisfaction rating of health services. According to Griffith and White, these efforts can be considered as part of the healthcare organization’s marketing strategy because the efforts create awareness, reinforces the significance of the organization to the public, and at the same time allows for insights that can be developed to strategic advantages (pp. 610-613). Conclusion Considering the demands on healthcare today, there is need to develop effective channels for services, streamline operations and maximize resources. According to Leatherman (2001), there has been a recognized need in the health care industry to reevaluate its social roles and the social developments affecting the nature of current health care needs. This can only be accomplished if an organizations structure is able to respond to healthcare professionals and the public effectively, which can only be possible if the organization’s structure allows for the development of such competencies. The need for multicorporate structures does not invalidate the social mandate of healthcare institutions but only endeavors to make a strategy-based and sustainable enterprise. The adoption of corporate practices in healthcare is an effort to institute administrative and competitive competencies in healthcare organizations. References Alexander, J. A., Morlock, L. L. and Gifford, B. D. (1988). The effects of corporate restructuring on hospital policymaking. Health Serv Res   June; 23(2): 311–337. Griffith, John R. and White Kenneth R. (2006). The Well-Managed Healthcare Organization, Sixth Edition. Chicago, IL: American College of Healthcare Executives Leatherman, S. (2001) Measuring up: Performance indicators for better healthcare. OECD Observer No. 229 Australian Government Productivity Commission (2006). Impacts of Advances in Medical Technology in Australia. Retrieved August 11, 2007, from Democratic Health Network (2006). Accountability of the Health Service. Retrieved August 11, 2007